2. Social Psychology: Complete Outline for
A. Bystander Apathy Effect
https://explorable.com/bystander-apathy-experiment
B. Bandura: Bo Bo Doll
https://explorable.com/bobo-doll-experiment
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2. Social Psychology: Complete Outline for A. Bystander Apathy Effect https://explorable.com/bystander-apathy-experiment B. Bandura: Bo Bo Doll https://explorable.com/bobo-doll-experiment
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What Would YOU Do? Students who learn about Milgram’s research have several standard responses. They are partly outraged. They are partly surprised. Interestingly, a common theme that also tends to emerge is this: Students often comment that “they themselves wouldn’t have obeyed the experimenter.” They come up with all kinds of reasons on this point. My wife Kathy, also a social psychologist, and I were curious about this particular point. Of course, in our discussion, I stated that I would not have obeyed the experimenter. Similarly, she maintained that SHE would not have obeyed the commands – but that she thought I would have. Ha! So being experimental social psychologists ourselves, we designed a study to explore this issue. Along with two great students, Sara Hubbard Hall and Jared Legare, we studied perceptions of what people think they would do in Milgram’s experiment (Geher et al., 2002(link is external)). In this research, we briefly described the methodology of Milgram’s study and asked participants to indicate on a scale of 0 to 450 volts the point at which they thought that they would disobey the experimenter. The truth is that more than 60% of the participants in Milgram’s research “shocked all the way” (to 450 volts). We also asked our participants to indicate the highest shock level that they would predict that a “typical other person of their same age and gender” would go up until before disobeying the experimenter. The results? Shocking! On average, people indicated that they would stop at about 140 volts, whereas they predicted that “typical others” would stop obeying at about 210 volts. That is a difference of 35%. In other words, on average, people think that they are about 35% more likely to “do the right thing” compared with “typical others.” People seem to be biased to think of themselves as somehow better than average (see McFarland & Miller (1990)) – and our results pretty clearly tell such a tale. Bottom Line Hey, we’re all human. Milgram showed that it’s in our nature to be highly influenced by social situations – and it’s often in our nature to obey authority even when doing so is clearly the wrong thing to do. Imagine you have agreed to take part in Asch’s experiment. You duly turn up at the expected time. You enter the room and are asked to take your place around a table. There are already five others sitting there. The experimenter explains that you are all taking part in a study of visual perception. He shows you three lines of different lengths and asks you to say whether each of these lines in turn is longer, shorter or the same length as another line that he shows you. Around the table, one by one, everyone gives the same correct answer for the first line. Everything seems straightforward for the second line, too. But for the third line the first person calls out with what seems like the wrong answer. You think the person must have made a mistake. But the second person also gives the same wrong answer – as does the third. You, of course, are looking hard at the lines and wondering what is going on. Then the fourth and fifth people both agree with the others. It is now your turn to give your answer. You look harder at the lines. Are you sure you are right? Do you go with your own eyes?
Unknown to you, this is not an experiment on visual perception. Everyone else in the room is part of a set-up to test whether you will conform to the wisdom of the group. Remarkably, 76 per cent of participants conformed at least once.[ii] Like the young Solomon Asch, they gave answers that defied what their eyes were telling them. Perhaps they genuinely began to doubt their own senses or, more likely, they went along with the group simply to fit in. In so many situations in everyday life we are, like Asch’s participants, faced with a choice of whether to speak our mind or go along with others. Subsequent studies have confirmed again and again how susceptible many of us are to the power of social influence. If you are a student of psychology you will probably have come across this famous experiment. So, what’s new? Well, what is often overlooked is the fact that 24 per cent of Asch’s participants that did not conform, even once. I find it remarkable that relatively little attention has been paid to asking what makes these people different from those that did conform. Summarize
Link: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/media-spotlight/201211/implanting-false-memories Summary- 6 sentences Link: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-resilient-brain/201405/what-causes-memory-problems Top Ten Favorite Tips to Improve Children’s Memory
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/radical-teaching/201501/top-ten-favorite-tips-improve-children-s-memory 3 slides 1. What is it? 2. How does it work? 3. List and Explain the example |
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